挑战粒子物理标准模型：“超重”的W规范玻色子

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摘要提到W玻色子的历史,必须简要地回顾弱相互作用的发展过程。弱相互作用首先是从核β衰变(n → p+e^-+V_e)的观测中推断出来。在1935年,恩里科·费米(Enrico Fermi)率先提出了第一个弱相互作用理论,其相互作用的形式与电磁相互作用的形式类似,并以所谓的费米常数(G_F)为此相互作用的特征耦合。通过比较电磁与弱相互作用的大小,弱相互作用的强度约为电磁作用的万分之一,这也是"弱相互作用"名称的由来。费米的理论在当时成功地描述了低能弱相互作用,因此被物理学家们广泛地使用。然而此理论在高能时会破坏么正性,只能被视为低能时的有效理论。完整的弱相互作用理论要延迟到20世纪60年代,通过格拉肖(Sheldon L.Glashow)、温伯格(Steven Weinberg)和萨拉姆(Abdus Salam)提出的电弱SU (2)×U (1)规范理论,将弱相互作用和电磁作用统一起来^[1]。该理论假设弱相互作用是通过重的W和Z玻色子所传递,并预测它们的质量约为100 GeV,这与传递电磁作用的无质量光子产生强烈的对比。在1983年发现质量为81±5 GeV的W玻色子^[2],是该电弱理论巨大成功的重要证据之一,将在下节做介绍。此后电弱SU (2)×U (1)规范理论被多数人称作粒子物理的标准模型,并且通过不同的实验反复地被检验。

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. 挑战粒子物理标准模型：“超重”的W规范玻色子[J]. 现代物理知识, 2023, 35(1): 3-7.

. [J]. Modern Physics, 2023, 35(1): 3-7.

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